Archive for the ‘frameworks’ Category

I was discussing the importance of “core purpose” with a client when their newest team member (a newly minted marketing MBA) piped up and argued that “The core purpose of a business is to make money.” I was gobsmacked. (Really? That’s what they’re teaching? What do you call an observation that is simultaneously obvious and useless?)

In September 1996, Built To Last authors Collins and Porras observed in the Harvard Business Review, “Companies that enjoy enduring success have core values and a core purpose that remain fixed while their business strategies and practices endlessly adapt to a changing world.” They go on to say that companies that do “have historically outperformed the general stock market by a factor of 12.” By contrast, those that don’t often find themselves scurrying after minor market opportunities and living off the crumbs left by more successful competitors.

The article, Building Your Company’s Vision, is part of the collection HBR’s 10 Must Reads On Strategy.  The Kitchen highly recommends reading it cover to cover. Until you find the time, here’s the gist reduced to a single illustration.

Companies that enjoy enduring success have core values and a core purpose that remain fixed while their business strategies endlessly adapt to a changing world.

This picture says you need to have a goal. Not just hitting this year’s revenue numbers, but a Big Hairy Audacious Goal — something like “displacing Microsoft” or “a store in every town in America.”  That goal should be a byproduct of your adding value to the world in ways that no other company can — your envisioned future. (Henry Ford envisioned a world where the streets were free of horse dung because every man owned a car. Seriously.) You get there by leveraging your core technology into a unique and compelling value proposition delivered by a business model designed to capture the market. When things get ambiguous, you and everyone in the company can make good decisions focusing on the company’s core purpose and not straying from its core values.

Sound like too much “peace and love?” Anyone who is invested in your company for the long term will love it. And it will bring you peace of mind.

Good brands last by evolving with the times. That means a good brand strategy doesn’t just position a brand at a moment in time, but establishes a direction for the brand to evolve and innovate as new competitors emerge and categories evolve. Your brand direction should be aspirational and extensible. It is not a thing to be achieved, but a direction in which to strive.

Brands that are defined by a position rather than a direction eventually become irrelevant. Take FedEx, the first overnight delivery company. Its position was clear: “When you absolutely positively have to get there overnight.” Then competitors moved in. And the category became too small. With no clear brand direction pointing where to go, FedEx now struggles to say what it stands for.

There are five potential directions from which you should choose the best single direction for your company:

1. Category: it’s about perpetual product leadership
2. Core technology: it’s about forever leveraging the essence that powers what you deliver into more products and services
3. Market: it’s about fulfilling more of the unmet needs of a particular market segment
4. Core belief: it’s about a principal that drives everything the company does
5. Vision: it’s about how your company is helping make the world a better place

Start by defining each direction, like we’ve done for Dangerous Kitchen below. When you’re done, each direction will feel like a piece of a harmonious whole, and you won’t want to choose. But you must. For example, we’ve chosen to continually push the limits of our category.

Click for PDF

Realize that over time, the pieces will drift apart. Knowing your direction now will let you know what to let go of and what to drive toward as your world changes.

The Oprah Winfrey Network is nearing its second month anniversary. The Huffington Post reports OWN’s rapidly growing viewership has already surpassed that of the network it’s replacing.

I’m not about to guess whether OWN will be successful or not, but here is why it should be: According to Christina Norman, the network’s CEO, “It is not a network built around a person. It’s a network built around a person’s world view.”

A “world view” establishes the beliefs, the values, and the appropriate behaviors of its people. In other words, it defines their culture.

Norman is telling us that OWN is not just a network; it is a culture in and of itself. It doesn’t serve a demographic audience; it leads people who feel in some way leaderless. It’s viewers don’t simply tune in to watch; they tune in to learn what they ought to watch.

So how can you stop serving your customers and start leading them? Figure that out, and your brand will have not just loyal fans, but a long-term competitive advantage that is impossible to copy.

We talk to people all day long about marketing. Sometimes these conversations start off a little confusing or disconnected — like we’re talking about completely different things.

So I looked it up. Wikipedia defines marketing as “the process of selling or promoting products to customers to further enhance sales.” No, that’s sales promotion.

If you take away just one thing from this site, let it be this definition: “Marketing is the deliberate and systematic attempt to own a market.” Boom. That’s it. Now we can have a productive conversation.

Well, almost. We’ve put a few more important definitions together in our
How To Go To Market primer.

Lately I’ve noticed an overabundance of smiling, sincere, over-the-top customer service. At the bank, big box stores, utilities, government offices — organizations are starting to re-learn that a huge part of their customer experience depends on the social skills of service reps.

It’s all well and good, and I applaud their efforts, but these companies might do well to remember that transformative experiences don’t happen in a vacuum of affable customer support; Killer brands happen when people’s actions intersect in equal balance with well-honed systems, brand and products.

Consider this:

Last winter I signed up with AT&T U-verse. As an incentive to join, they offered a hefty rebate, in the form of a gift card. It’s been over seven months now, and I still haven’t received the full rebate.

• Despite numerous calls to customer service reps who are very polite and sincerely express their desire to fix my problem
• Despite an average call time of over fifteen minutes, much of it spent on hold while the service rep deals with the rebate center on my behalf
• Despite, every time, assurances that the issue’s been resolved and my card will arrive in four to six weeks
• Despite being informed AT&T might send me a follow-up survey to rate my experience (though I’ve been specifically told its purpose is to gauge how well the rep handled my call, NOT whether my issue was resolved)

It’s painfully obvious that AT&T’s rebate system isn’t giving its reps the proper access, power or authority to get this job done. And so, regardless of its intentions, AT&T appears more interested in displaying a “we’re-here-for-you” service rep ethic than actually delivering the service.

By contrast…

There’s a story about a Nordstrom shopper who, while visiting from out-of-town, realizes he’s about to be late for his plane. Recognizing the negative impact this might have on the customer’s experience, the Nordstrom sales rep personally drives him to the airport, saving the day and enhancing the customer relationship.

While this might seem over the top, it actually makes perfect business sense; the rep trades a couple hours of his time for the value of a life-time Nordstrom customer. And it’s only possible because Nordstrom’s systems actually enable the sales rep to take this action on behalf of its brand.

I’m not saying a near-commodity like AT&T has to live up to this extreme level of service. I’ll just be glad when its systems finally catch up to its customer service intentions.

PS – Feel free to tweet and retweet this post to your heart’s content. If I ever do get resolution, maybe I’ll share the rebate with you…or maybe I’ll just send you a survey to rate your experience.

Positioning your product or service is probably a waste of time.

First of all, it’s hard. Saying specifically and succinctly what you are means saying very generally what you are not —  a difficult thing for those who talk to shareholders. That’s why taglines like The ultimate driving machine are so rare, while taglines like Quality in everything we do are so commonplace. (Yes, that’s a real tagline).

The solution: don’t even try. Instead, recognize that people don’t care what you say about your products. They care what your products say about them.

The ultimate driving machine says, “Hello, I’m the ultimate driver.” By contrast, Quality in everything we do says, “Hello, I’m satisfied by good-enough.” Amping up the enthusiasm doesn’t help:  The relentless pursuit of perfection simply says, “Hello, I’m an uptight, overly controlling, type A who is constantly disappointed by those around me.” (This is not how I want to be introduced at a party.)

So break out the “Hello, I’m _______” stickers and pass them around. When your team comes up with a statement your customers would be proud to wear, you may have something worth building a brand on.

Assuming this is truly the end of the recession, we can all look forward to a spate of product innovations unlike any since World War II. These products will solve previously unknown problems in brilliant new ways and make their manufacturers millions. If you’re in the business of designing, making or delivering products, the anticipation can be thrilling . . . or daunting.

After all, how exactly do you innovate? Tons have been written on the subject, and yet innovation still comes off as requiring either genius or black magic. If your company lacks a systematic framework for doing innovation, it’s not prepared for this new global economy.

Here’s ours. It’s not really magic: it just works that way.

Click for PDF

Buyers are complex, goal-driven analyzers and organizers of the world around them who are uncompromising when assessing their own experience. Our machine lets you design or adjust that experience by turning a few metaphoric dials.

Here’s how it works. People buy products to achieve outcomes. But rarely can they achieve those outcomes with a product alone. Products often need other products or services to form more complete systems, which in turn may need some kind of infrastructure (e.g., electricity, a road, etc.) to make the product go. Even then the user may need other requisites to use the product — anything from additional people to specialized skills. And of course, not all users are the same. They may use the product in very different contexts — for different purposes, in different environments, in different time frames.

When people evaluate a product, they weigh the outcomes achieved against the requisites required. Whether you’re a product manager, CEO, engineer or whatever, your job as an innovator is to maximize the outcomes while minimizing the required requisites. You do this by modifying the product, the system or the context in which it’s used.

Let’s take an easy one, Coca-Cola. Coke didn’t come in bottles until someone imagined users consuming it in a context other than the soda shop. That idea led to eliminating the requisites of a soda fountain (infrastructure) and the skills to use it — dramatically changing the outcome-requisite equation. Questioning the system comprising grocery stores led to vending machines. Rethinking the purpose led to Diet Coke.

Innovation can be hard to come by if you try to ideate too much at once. Instead focus on very discrete aspects of the user experience as defined in our innovation machine. It works, like magic.

I was having a heated discussion (and a few margaritas) with dear friend about the merits and perils of entering a category after it has fully formed. On one side, you have the opportunity to be a fast-follower. On the other, you can just as easily become a failed-follower. In the end, I believe there is nothing inherently good or bad about being a late entry, provided you position yourself according to your timing.

Almost every product or service exists in a category along side similar products or services.  Just as products have a life-cycle from introduction to discontinuation, so do categories. The goal of positioning should always be a move toward category dominance (Technically, that’s when your product has twice the market share of any competitor).  Your positioning strategy should be guided by the timing of your entry into the category.

The following illustration shows the relationship between positioning strategy and timing. I’ve borrowed the adoption life-cycle curve from Geoffrey Moore’s Crossing the Chasm. It describes the number of new buyers entering the market for products in a category — not the lifespan of the category. (A category can go on for decades even if no new buyers are entering the category.)

On top of Moore’s lifecycle curve, I’ve overlayed four different positioning strategies — each coinciding with a specific point in the category’s maturation.

A new product can be launched (or repositioned) in a category at any point in the lifecycle.  How you position the product should be based on when it’s launched.

Market-forming strategy:  A useful definition of a market is “a group of people with a common problem who reference each other.” A market forming strategy identifies groups of people who don’t yet realize they have a problem and may or may not yet reference each other, but they have the potential to come together around an innovative idea and form a market — e.g, FedEx or Starbucks.

Category-creating strategy:  Most new products are clumsy, incomplete, flawed in ways that contribute to their getting stuck in what Moore called the Chasm.  If the shortcomings are real, a second-mover might exploit them and turn a quirky technology with limited appeal into a significant new product category.  I can think of no better example than the iPod. It isn’t just an mp3 player: along with iTunes and the iTunes Store, it’s an entire personal music system, the like of which never before existed.

Benefit-surfacing strategy:  Once the category has caught fire, you can’t expect to get in front of it without offering a fundamentally different reason to buy.  Amateur golf was enjoying a surge in popularity about the same time Callaway introduced the Big Bertha.  While other clubs touted distance and control, Big Bertha offered forgiveness — exactly what the amateurs needed, even if they previously didn’t realize it.

Delivery-differentiation strategy:  New products can be launched even when the category is fully matured and the number of new buyers is waning.  But the focus needs to shift from the product to the way it’s delivered. Laggard buyers often lag because the product benefit doesn’t outweigh the hassle of getting and using it. This is not the time for a faster, better, cheaper product; but faster, better, cheaper system for acquiring and using it.  In other words, Amazon.

Late in the lifecycle, new benefits and even better delivery systems tend to take a back seat to price.  The goal should be to so significantly change the user experience that it’s no longer comparable to its original category.  For example, Miller Lite is not a beer; it’s a light beer.

It’s an old story…

Guy goes into the hardware store looking for a drill bit. Every marketer in the world will tell you: this guy doesn’t have a drill bit problem, he’s got a hole problem, just like we all learned in Marketing 101 — you don’t sell features (drill bits), you sell benefits (holes).

Only thing is, that’s not the whole story.

Focus solely on features and benefits and you might be blindsided into offering products that, for all their “superiority,” don’t add up to a superior brand experience. For that, you need to understand context:

• Who are the users of your products?
• What purposes do they use them for?
• What are the systems your products are used within?
• Do you own these systems as well?

By understanding context, you can provide a balance of features and benefits that add up to brand success. How do you get there? It takes a methodology that pulls together the elements of context, systems, products, requisites and desired outcomes to create a blueprint for user experiences that push your product way up the x axis of Brand Significance.

The iPod is a great example.

Apple didn’t simply provide a cool music player (features). And it went well beyond providing an anywhere/anytime personal music system (benefits).

Apple understood how people experience music in the context of their daily lives, and provided an entire system that delivers the experience in three, seamlessly integrated products whose features are perfectly suited to their unique needs: listening (the iPod), organizing (iTunes) and acquiring (the iTunes store).

The result is unparalleled brand experience that enriches people’s lives — and Apple’s pocket book.

It’s easier than ever to satiate our needs and wants. There are more products in more focused categories delivering higher quality for less cost than ever. We’re less willing to offer our allegiance to any product when a better one is likely in the offing.

Product or category leadership is an increasingly specious objective. Simply deliver a superior product, and you’ll be rewarded with an onslaught of competitors and the pressure to make your product both cheaper and better — a battle for market share where margins are the casualty.

Those who do become leaders are increasingly hard to categorize. Apple Inc. dropped the word “Computer” from its name in January 2009. Rather than pursuing leadership through product excellence within the commoditized computer category, it pursued a strategy of bringing enrichment to people’s lives through creativity, music and self-expression.

Similarly, after Harley Davidson successfully petitioned the International Trade Commission for a 5-year tariff to protect its outdated motorcycles against low-cost Japanese imports, it did very little to make its products technically competitive. Instead it took the opportunity to make cartilage-compressing vibration and oil leaks an identifying part of the brand experience, and gave a market of Reagan-era white collar professionals something more — a culture they could proudly belong to — one that artfully melded Reagan’s 50s-era patriotism with an outlaw rebel persona.

We call the kind of loyalty enjoyed by Apple and Harley Davidson “brand significance.” Brand significance is not the result of branding. It is achieved by a combination of two, uniquely integrated accomplishments:

1. inventing a culture that brings meaning to people’s lives; and
2. providing a personally enriching experience that reinforces the culture.

The relationship between meaning, enrichment and significance can be illustrated as follows.

The company’s goal is to push its coordinates up and to the right by finding ways to make the brand more culturally meaningful (y axis) and personally enriching (x axis), resulting in the highest possible brand significance score.

The mechanisms for doing this work will be explored in other posts. First it’s important to see that significant brands go far beyond serving the needs of individuals and their current cultures. Equally important: brands should pursue this by design, not hope to get there by magic.